In Congress, July 4, 1776

When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natureโ€™s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

Ghosts of Independence Day

By Gavin Keenan My wife and I were reminiscing about Independence Days long past, when our children were little, some of our parents still alive, and our families mostly living nearby. Backyard cook-outs scheduled around shifts at Beverly Hospital or the I.P.D., Betty Dorman's Recreation Department Fourth of July Children's Parade - thankfully still going… Continue reading Ghosts of Independence Day

The Constitutional Convention and Establishment of the Electoral College

We the People Constitutional Convention

Many of ourย founding fathers had littleย trust in the instinctsย of the common man. John Adams observed that "Pure democracy has also been viewed as a threat to individual rights," and warned against the โ€œtyranny of the majority.โ€ Alexander Hamilton, one of the three authors of the "Federalist Papers"ย defended theย system ofย electorsย by which we choose a President today.

“To the Inhabitants of the Town of Ipswich,” from Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

The Embargo Act of 1807 put New England ports at a standstill and its towns into a depression. The Ipswich Town Meeting petitioned the President to relieve "the people of this once prosperous country from their present embarrassed and distressed condition." The town found Jefferson's answer "Not Satisfactory."